What a sales cadence is, in five decisions
A sales cadence (also called a sequence) is the plan for how you work one prospect from first touch to booked meeting or a clean exit. Every cadence comes down to five decisions. Write them down before you build anything in a tool.
| Decision | Question to answer | Typical outbound default |
|---|---|---|
| Attempts | How many touches in total, and per channel? | 8 to 12 touches; 4 to 7 of them calls for a call-led team |
| Channels | Which channels, in what mix? | Phone, email, voicemail, LinkedIn |
| Duration | First touch to last touch | 2 to 4 weeks |
| Spacing | Days between touches | 1 to 2 business days early, 3 to 5 later |
| Exit rules | What ends the cadence, and what happens next? | Booked, opted out, not interested, wrong person, bad number, finished |
The cadence is not the message. A perfect schedule with a generic message still fails. Spend as much time on the reason for each touch as on the timing.
What the research says about touches, spacing and length
There is less hard data on cadences than the number of confident blog posts suggests. Here is what the datasets we could trace actually found. All of them are vendor research, and some are several years old, so use them to set a starting point, then test.
| Finding | Source and type |
|---|---|
| Contact rates fell sharply after about seven attempts; the 'sweet spot' was 2 to 7 attempts | XANT (InsideSales) study of 479,140 activities across 1,456 cadences, vendor data |
| Reps believed they made about 12 attempts per contact; the average cadence actually had 3 | Same XANT study |
| Using two channels instead of one raised contact rates by 161% | Same XANT study |
| Starting with a call beat starting with an email (21.1% vs 17.6% contact rate) | Same XANT study |
| Highest contact rates came from cadences 6 to 8 days long with touches 1 to 2 days apart | Same XANT study |
| Effective cadences ran about two to four weeks, waiting at least a day and no more than five between touches; best first touch was a call | Yesware, 33 million tracked email activities, vendor data |
| 93% of phone conversations happened by the third call, 98.6% by the fifth | Cognism / WHAM 2025, vendor data |
| Prospects who were called replied to email at 3.44% vs 1.81%, even when the call did not connect | Gong, 300M+ cold calls, vendor data, 2024 |
| Leaving a voicemail doubled the likelihood of an email reply | Gong Engage benchmarks, 2024 data, vendor research |
Two readings matter. First, the studies disagree on length (6 to 8 days vs two to four weeks) because they measure different things: XANT measured making contact, Yesware measured email replies. A short, dense burst of calls gets you a conversation; a longer tail catches people who were busy the first week. Second, they all agree that more than one channel and an early call beat a single-channel cadence.
Cadence 1: the call-heavy SDR cadence (10 business days)
Best for: high-volume SDR teams calling SMB and mid-market contacts with direct dials or mobiles. Ten touches, six of them calls, over two working weeks. Calls are spread across mornings and late afternoons so you catch the prospect at different points in their day.
| Day | Touch | Channel | What to do |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Call (morning) | Opener and reason for the call. No voicemail on this one; you will call again tomorrow. |
| 1 | 2 | Sent right after the call: 'Tried you this morning about X.' Three sentences, one question. | |
| 2 | 3 | Call (late afternoon) + voicemail | First voicemail, 20 to 30 seconds, pointing to the email. |
| 3 | 4 | Connection request with no pitch. | |
| 4 | 5 | Call (midday) | Different time of day from calls 1 and 2. |
| 5 | 6 | New angle: a trigger event, a peer example or a short insight. Not 'just following up'. | |
| 7 | 7 | Call (morning) + voicemail | Second voicemail referencing the new angle. |
| 8 | 8 | Call (late afternoon) | No voicemail. |
| 9 | 9 | Call (early morning) | Last call. If they pick up, use the ask; if not, no voicemail. |
| 10 | 10 | Breakup email | Close the loop politely and leave the door open. |
Cadence 2: the balanced cadence (3 weeks)
Best for: mid-market prospects, teams with fewer direct dials, or AEs prospecting their own territory. Nine touches over 15 business days, four calls and four emails, plus one social touch. Use it when email is a real channel for your buyers, not just a placeholder between calls.
| Day | Touch | Channel | What to do |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Call | Start with a call, as the research suggests. |
| 1 | 2 | Personalized first email: their situation, your reason, one question. | |
| 3 | 3 | Call + voicemail | Voicemail points to the email subject line so they can find it. |
| 5 | 4 | A useful insight or short example from a similar company. | |
| 6 | 5 | Connect, or comment on something they posted. | |
| 8 | 6 | Call | Different time of day. If they answer, refer to the insight email. |
| 10 | 7 | A single question email: 'Is X on your list this quarter, or not a priority?' | |
| 12 | 8 | Call + voicemail | Final voicemail: short, specific, no guilt. |
| 15 | 9 | Breakup email | Last touch. Offer to reconnect if something changes. |
Cadence 3: the account-based cadence (4 weeks, three contacts)
Best for: larger target accounts where several people influence the decision. You run a coordinated cadence across three contacts at once: the economic buyer, a likely champion and the person who owns the systems. Each person gets a message about their part of the problem.
| Week | VP of Sales (economic buyer) | SDR manager (champion) | RevOps lead (systems owner) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Day 1: personalized email on a team-level outcome. Day 3: call + voicemail. | Day 1: call. Day 2: email about rep time lost to waiting and logging. | Day 2: LinkedIn connect. Day 4: email on CRM logging and data quality. |
| 2 | Day 8: call. | Day 6: call + voicemail. Day 8: LinkedIn message. | Day 7: call. |
| 3 | Day 12: email noting you have also reached out to the SDR manager. Day 13: call. | Day 11: email with a short peer example. Day 13: call. | Day 12: call + voicemail. |
| 4 | Day 18: final call. Day 20: breakup email. | Day 17: call. Day 19: breakup email. | Day 18: email with one question. Day 20: final call. |
- Coordinate, don't spam. Keep the touches on different days so the account does not get five messages in one afternoon.
- Mention colleagues openly, never their private words. 'I've also reached out to Dana on the ops side' is fine. Repeating what Dana told you is not.
- One conversation reshapes the rest. If the champion engages, pause the others and ask the champion who should be in the meeting.
Where calls and voicemails belong in a cadence
- Lead with a call. XANT found a call-first cadence beat email-first, and Gong found a call nearly doubles the reply rate of the emails that follow.
- Front-load calls. Most conversations happen in the first three attempts, so put calls on days 1 to 5 and thin them out after.
- Vary the time of day. Morning, midday and late afternoon catch different routines. See the best time to cold call.
- Leave voicemails on some calls, not all. Two or three across a cadence is plenty. Each one should point to an email or a reason, not just ask for a callback. Scripts are in the sales voicemail guide.
- Be careful with rapid repeat dialing. Calling the same number twice in a row is a common tactic. Use it sparingly and watch connect rate per outbound number, because heavy, repetitive dial patterns are one of the things that can hurt caller ID reputation.
Hi Jordan, it's Alex from YourCo. I sent you a note this morning with the subject 'Three SDRs in January'. Short version: teams hiring reps usually want call blocks sorted before they start. I'll try you again Thursday. Again, Alex at YourCo.
When to stop: exit rules for every outcome
A cadence without exit rules either quits too early or keeps emailing people who asked you to stop. Define what each outcome triggers before the first prospect is enrolled.
| Outcome | Stop the cadence? | What happens next |
|---|---|---|
| Meeting booked | Yes | Move to confirmation steps (see booking meetings) |
| Asked not to be contacted | Yes, on every channel, immediately | Add to your do-not-contact list and suppress across all tools |
| Not interested (clear no) | Yes | Log the reason; recycle only with a new trigger, months later |
| Wrong person, gave a referral | Yes for this contact | Enroll the referred person, mentioning who sent you |
| Bad or disconnected number | Remove the call steps | Fix the record or drop the contact; keep email steps if valid |
| Asked to be called later | Pause | A dated task for the exact time they named |
| No response after the final touch | Yes | Move to a light nurture; re-enroll if a trigger event appears |
For commercial email in the US, the FTC's CAN-SPAM compliance guide requires a working opt-out and says opt-out requests must be honored within 10 business days, with no exception for business-to-business email. Phone and text rules differ by channel and country. This is not legal advice; check with counsel for your situation.
Subject: Closing the loop
Hi Jordan, I've tried you a few times about how your SDRs spend their call blocks and haven't caught you, so I'll assume the timing isn't right.
If that changes, for example when the January hires start, reply here and I'll pick it up. Either way, good luck with the quarter.
Running call steps from Outreach or HubSpot sequences
Most teams build cadences in a sequencing tool. Outreach sequences and HubSpot sequences both let you mix automated or manual emails with call tasks, and the tool queues each call step on the right day. The weak point is usually the call step: tasks pile up, reps dial them one by one, and outcomes get logged late or not at all.
- Name steps by purpose'Call 2: late afternoon, voicemail' tells a rep more than 'Call task'.
- Set due times, not just daysSpread call steps across morning and afternoon so reps don't dial every step at 9am.
- Map call outcomes to exitsA 'meeting booked' or 'do not contact' outcome should end the sequence automatically.
- Work call steps in blocksPull the day's call tasks into a dialer queue instead of opening them one at a time.
How to measure and improve a cadence
| Metric | Formula | What it tells you |
|---|---|---|
| Meetings per 100 enrolled | Meetings booked / prospects enrolled x 100 | The single best number for comparing cadences |
| Contact rate by step | Conversations or replies at each step / prospects reaching it | Which steps earn their place |
| Step that produced the meeting | Count of meetings by step number | Where to add or cut touches |
| Opt-out rate | Opt-outs / prospects enrolled | Whether your messages or frequency annoy people |
| Completion rate | Prospects who finished all steps / enrolled | Whether reps actually run the cadence |
Change one thing at a time, run it on a few hundred prospects, and compare meetings per 100 enrolled. If you need a meeting target to work toward, start with cold calling metrics and the dials-to-meetings calculator.
Frequently asked questions
What is a sales cadence?
A sales cadence is a planned sequence of touches (calls, emails, voicemails, social messages) used to reach one prospect over a set period, with rules for spacing and for when to stop. It turns prospecting from ad hoc follow-up into a repeatable process you can measure.
How many touches should a sales cadence have?
For outbound SDR work, 8 to 12 touches across two to four weeks is a sensible default. XANT's study found contact rates fell sharply after about seven attempts, and Cognism's 2025 data found 98.6% of phone conversations happened by the fifth call. More touches mostly add opt-outs, not meetings.
How long should a sales cadence last?
Most outbound cadences run two to four weeks. XANT found the best contact rates in dense 6 to 8 day cadences, while Yesware's email data favored two to four weeks with one to five days between touches. Use a dense first week of calls and a lighter tail of emails.
What is a good outbound cadence example?
A simple call-led example: day 1 call and email, day 2 call with voicemail, day 3 LinkedIn, day 4 call, day 5 email with a new angle, day 7 call with voicemail, days 8 and 9 calls, day 10 breakup email. The full tables above include balanced and account-based versions.
Should a cadence start with a call or an email?
Start with a call where you have a phone number. XANT found call-first cadences had a higher contact rate (21.1% vs 17.6%), and Gong found prospects who were called replied to email nearly twice as often. Send the first email right after the call so it references the attempt.
- 1.XANT (InsideSales), The Truth Behind Successful Sales Cadences (vendor research) (2020)
- 2.Yesware, The Best Sales Cadence Based on 33 Million Emails (vendor research) (2022)
- 3.Cognism, The State of Cold Calling in 2025 (WHAM call data, vendor research) (2025)
- 4.Gong, The hidden power of cold calling: Insights from 300M calls (vendor research) (2024)
- 5.Gong, Engage analytics: benchmarks and best practices (2024 data, vendor research) (2024)
- 6.Federal Trade Commission, CAN-SPAM Act: A Compliance Guide for Business (2023)
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